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ICI caused by the time selectivity of wireless channel will degrade the spectral efficiency of the system[2 5].
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The time selectivity of the channel is typically characterized by the normalized Doppler frequency defined as (2).
Consequently, the time selectivity of the channel would be decreased as the frequency selectivity increasing.
One major challenge of communications in high speed scenario is the time-selectivity caused by Doppler shifts or Doppler spread.
Figure 8 provides the SER-versus-SNR curves, in which it is seen that the proposed scheme is still effective under the doubly-selective channels, though suffering from the error floor at the high SNR region which can be explained by the fact that time selectivity causes inter-carrier-interference (ICI) which restricts SER performance at the high-SNR region.
The pilot-assisted CE using a TDM pilot has a problem with the propagation errors, since the estimated channel gains at the first and the channel gain at the last frame of the block vary due to channel time selectivity caused by the user mobility.
This section describes a method for the computation of the distortion caused by the frequency selectivity and the time variation of the channel response.
In general these results imply that by optimising the time after ALA application the efficacy and selectivity of topical ALA-PDT for skin tumours may be improved.
This end will be corroborated a posteriori in Section 4 and allows calculating the ISI and ICI caused by the frequency selectivity using a time-invariant channel, h[n].
The process is characterized by the high selectivity values which can be obtained controlling the reaction time.
Morais-Cabral, J. H., Zhou, Y. & MacKinnon, R. Energetic optimization of ion conduction rate by the K+ selectivity filter.
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