Sentence examples for by the surface potential from inspiring English sources

The electrostatic repulsion forces are described by the surface potential of charged particles.

Fig. 9 A schematic illustration of the motion of electrons accelerated by the surface potential.

The volta-potential difference is directly determined by the surface potential [18].

More importantly, it has been reported recently that the adhesion properties of the first few layers is dominated by the surface potential of substrate [37].

The empirical method is based on the energy change of the impinging solar wind protons being decelerated by the surface potential (solar wind energy at the surface) and relies on the ENA energy spectrum and the ENA characteristic energy.

With their best tips, Mesquida and Stemmer obtained a lateral resolution of ∼100 nm using poly tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) as an electret, as verified by the surface potential image acquired with KFM [138].

The lateral electric field can be obtained by differentiating the surface potential with respect to y: E y) = left.

By analyzing the surface potential images of HOPG, the work function of W2C-coated tip used in this experiment is obtained to be about 4.54 eV.

(c) Band diagram illustrating the routes to thermionic, photo, and field emission as means to stimulate an electron beam by overcoming the surface potential barrier.

In our previous work, the relaxation dynamics and glass transition temperature of ultrathin PS or PMMA films were in situ studied by monitoring the surface potential.

By monitoring the surface potential in real time, we found that the T g of ultrathin PS films is clearly independent of film thickness, which are greatly different from that of thin PS films (film thickness larger than 10 nm).