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If the zero-level set of ϕ n + 1 x is exactly on the object boundary, then stop; otherwise, let n = n + 1 and ψ n x = ϕ n x, then return to Step 2. Note that the minimization problem in step 3 can be solved by the standard gradient descent method [29].
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It is "based on a proprietary algorithm for constructing models that differs from the standard gradient-boosting scheme".
Granulocytes were isolated from peripheral blood by standard gradient centrifugation using Histopaque 1077 (Sigma Aldrich, St . Louis MO).
Whole blood collected in cell preparation tubes with Sodium Heparin was separated by standard gradient centrifugation and cryopreserved in 10% v/v dimethylsulfoxide in RPMI 1640 (Sigma) until the experiments were done.
First, we can standardize the selection gradients by the standard deviation of spawning date; a standardized selection gradient provides a useful metric to compare the strength of selection among traits and populations (Lande and Arnold 1983; Arnold and Wade 1984).
The reformulated optimization problem is solved by a standard gradient-based algorithm with the adjoint-variable sensitivity analysis.
(10) ε (L ) = (1 − μ ) · ε pull (L ) + μ · ε push (L ) The loss function needs to be optimized in order to obtain the distance metric transforms in terms of the explicitly low-rank linear and rectangular matrix transformation L. The optimization over L is not convex unlike the original optimization over M, but a (possibly local) minimum can be computed by standard gradient-based methods.
This is performed using a standard gradient descent optimization, where the derivative of the objective function is given by Eq. (10).
By optimizing an approximate error function and standard gradient based optimization algorithms, QARNN outputs conditional quantile functions recursively.
Protein aggregation was assessed by the standard method of subjecting mitochondrial extracts to glycerol gradient centrifugation to separate aggregated from soluble proteins [38].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com