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However, in laparoscopic prostatectomy, a fixed bias was influenced by the sampling stage (Fig. 4b) and gradually became negative as the sampling stage increased.
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A major breakthrough has been obtained by improving the sampling stage and the purification/concentration stage.
We note that the actual focal depth in the sample is larger than the nominal focus depth defined by the sample stage movement.
However, in the laparoscopic prostatectomy group, a fixed bias was influenced by sampling stage (b), and gradually became negative as the sampling stage increased.
A sufficient contact between the tip of the IRE and the sample was achieved by raising the sample stage towards the IRE.
As shown in Fig. 2a, the cantilever first adhered to the BR film by van der Waals forces (point A in Fig. 2a); then, the cantilever returned to a straight position by lifting the sample stage (from point B to C) until the force decreased to zero.
The attractive force was also measured by AFM by first moving the sample stage to approach the cantilever and pausing the approach after contact occurred between the substrate and the cantilever following a jump in the force curve.
Vertical axis is the nominal focus depth as measured by the motion of the sample stage.
(a) Total photoluminescence intensity as a function of nominal focus depth (Δz) into sample as measured by the motion of the sample stage.
The input to the feedback loop is the change in sample height under the cantilever tip, which is caused by lateral scanning of the sample stage relative to the cantilever.
The sample was placed on the sample stage and the sample stage position was controlled by a computer.
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