Technical limitations have to be considered, including signal noise and artifact that may have been introduced by the recording technique and exaggerated by the short sampling duration.
The distinctions in ash contents can be explained by the different sampling durations because of large changes in emitted particulate mass, due to the high differences in particle size and number emissions.
We report our data separately by size fraction, sampling duration, country, and fuel type and used appropriate methods for blank correction to overcome these weaknesses where possible.
53, 54 While the conclusions that can be drawn from this study are limited by the sample size, study duration, and potentially low resistance overload and volume used during WBV training, our analysis, including effect sizes, allows some conclusions to be drawn.
The range of frequencies considered is limited by the sampling rate (25 MHz) and the duration of the signal (2.6214 ms).
The resulting vectors were smoothed with a Gaussian filter (s.d. 25.6 ms, corresponding to the video sample duration).
The inconsistency between our study and Baumgartner's may be caused by the sample sizes, the exposure durations and altitudes.
We then calculated personal nicotine concentration by dividing the amount of nicotine by the volume of air estimated to passively diffuse through the sampler [monitoring duration multiplied by the effective sampling rate of the nicotine badge of 2.4 × 10−5 m/min at 23°C (Hammond and Leaderer 1987)].
Fortunately, this loss could be significantly diminished by extending the sampling window by only two symbol durations.
Fortunately, by extending the sampling window by only two symbol durations on each side (left (text {for}~R^{text {Gauss}}_{sp+}~text {and}~ R^{text {QAM}}_{sp+}right)), these losses can be significantly reduced.
