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The current oscillation frequency is determined by the sample length L, so it can be easily increased using shorter samples, as shown by the dash-dotted line in Figure 10 where L = 0.8 μm.
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Finally, order imbalances are smoothed in the sample length by computing a moving average and the VPIN series is obtained.
By the central limit theorem, if the sample length N is large enough (N≫1), U k approximately follows the Gaussian distributions begin{array}rcl@ U_{k}=left{ begin{array}{ll} mathbb{N}(N,2N), & z_{k}=0 mathbb{N}(N(1+gamma),2N(1+2gamma)), & z_{k}=1 end{array} right.
To magnetically characterize the prepared samples, the hysteresis loops along the sample length were measured by vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM).
This choice of the sample length is mainly driven by limited data availability.
One further effect on fracture angles may be exercised by sample length.
The reference arm length matches the sample arm length which is set by the position of the imaging sample.
begin{aligned} {upvarphi }=sqrt{frac{{chi }^{2}}{N}} end{aligned} (4 Similarly, Cramér's V is computed by taking the square root of the chi-square statistic divided by the sample size and the length of the minimum dimension.
Sample length was limited by the tendon thickness, and difficulties in cutting a thin slice of fresh tendon using a scalpel.
The tray and drift corrected magnetic moment data (usually in unit of emu) were then transformed to volume normalized intensity (in unit of emu/cc) using volumes estimated by the sample cross section area and effective lengths of the sensor responses.
Sample length is conveniently measured by X-ray imaging.
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