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All statistical analyses were performed by the restricted maximum likelihood method using ASReml version 3.0 [ 39].
Variance components of the RAUDPC scores from 2002 and 2003 were estimated by the restricted maximum likelihood method with years as fixed effects.
The variance in the food ingested was analyzed using mixed linear models and gender differences were estimated by the restricted maximum likelihood method [ 16].
Mosaic plots were drawn using the vcd package for R. Variance components were determined by the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method.
This association analysis was implemented by the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method using the DMU package [ 41], and the SNP effect was tested using a Wald test against a null hypothesis of b = 0.
Variance components were determined by the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method assuming a full random model and heritability (h 2 ) on an entry-mean basis was estimated from the variance components as the ratio of genotypic to phenotypic variance [ 24].
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The parameters are estimated by maximizing the restricted maximum likelihood using the Newton Raphson algorithm [ 33].
In addition, the GCTA program can estimate the variance components by both the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) and ML methods.
67686970 70 We fitted the above model by using the restricted maximum likelihood estimation to obtain the best fitting variance-covariance matrix.
Continuous response variables were analyzed using linear mixed effect models (LME, [ 54]), fitted by means of the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method.
Data were analysed by random effects models using the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimation in Genstat 13th edition, release 13.2 (VSN International, Hemel Hempstead, UK).
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