Sentence examples for by the reference gene from inspiring English sources
The relative expression was calculated after normalization by the reference gene (rpL16) using the 2−ΔΔCt method.
This analysis avoids dividing by the reference gene Ct and does not assume that the reference and target gene assays have the same efficiencies.
The expression of each replicate was normalized by the reference gene, β-actin 2, which has shown to be stably expressed in both, crambe seedlings under arsenate stress and various Brassica napus cultivars [ 47, 50].
The transcriptional activity of individual genes was calculated by combining the reference gene map and the expressed gene tags.
The gene expression level was expressed as fold change of target gene expression according to basic level (=1) of the same gene expression in the control group's leukocytes, after normalization by expression of the reference gene G3PDH, by using Pfaffl's mathematical model, as previously described [ 4, 20].
The mRNA levels of AMPK were compared by calculating the crossing point (Cp) value and normalized by the reference genes (GAPDH) using the LightCycler 480 Relative Quantification software (Roche).
Note that both of these studies rely on gene expression and thus results may be influenced by the reference genes chosen, studies relating directly to protein expression and circulating proinflammatory cytokines are clearly required to further investigate these mechanisms.
Nonsynonymous diversity (πns) is highest in Pra Nsp-D2, followed by Pra Nsp-D3, followed by the reference genes which have much lower levels of amino acid variation (Table 2).
To correct for concentration of starting material, normalization of samples was performed by dividing the copies of the gene of interest by copies of the reference gene as previously described [ 40].
Relative expression levels of PCa related markers were obtained by normalization to the reference gene TBP.
Relative gene expression values were obtained by normalization to the reference gene GAPDH using the −2 ΔΔCt method, where −2ΔΔCt = ΔCt sample−ΔCt calibrator as described (Peterson et al., 2010).
