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No nonspecific binding was revealed by the reference flow-cell.
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Bulk refractive index changes were removed by subtracting the reference flow cell responses; the average response of a blank injection was also subtracted from all sensorgrams.
Bulk refractive index changes were removed by subtracting the reference flow cell responses, and the average response of a blank injection was subtracted from all analyte sensorgrams to remove systematic artifacts.
All sensorgrams were processed using the double referencing method [38] where background contribution and buffer artifacts are eliminated by subtracting signals from the reference flow cell and from buffer blank injections.
The reference flow cell was inactivated by amine coupling chemistry, as already described without the ECD injection.
Binding was determined by measuring the increase in resonance units after subtraction of the background response obtained from the reference flow cell.
The reference flow cell was sham activated and deactivated without protein immobilization.
Each sensor surface includes two flow cells; the DNA linker is immobilized onto both flow cells, but the reference flow cell lacks the aptamer.
The reference flow cell was treated with the amine coupling reagent without exposure to rFRβ.
Background signals obtained from the reference flow cell containing the scrambled peptides were subtracted to generate response curves.
In fact significant negative responses were obtained after subtracting responses from the reference flow cell due to binding to the reference.
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