Sentence examples for by the proton gradient from inspiring English sources

The potential energy stored by the proton gradient and electrical charge is then used to drive the energetically unfavourable conversion of ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) to ATP and water.

These motors are powered by the proton gradient across the membrane.

A negative energy balance is achieved by dissipating the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane; this can occur by ATP use in the cell resulting from physical activity, which will stimulate an enzyme in the inner mitochondrial membrane (complex V or FoF1 ATPase) to replenish ATP by phosphorylating ADP using energy provided by the proton gradient.

Many transport processes that occur in plants are directly or indirectly energized by the proton gradient across membranes produced by H+-pumping ATPases (Maathuis et al. 2003).

Since the intracellular ATP pool is strongly affected by the proton gradient established by the respiratory chain, we used ATP levels as readout for selecting active compounds.

Under physiological conditions, this transporter generates reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and NAD+ from NADP+ and NADH in the mitochondrial matrix fueled by the proton gradient [25], [26], [27] (Eq. (2)).

UCP1 is an integral membrane protein unique to brown adipocyte mitochondria, where it acts as a proton channel to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation by dissipating the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane [1].

Recently detailed biophysical studies of ZmSUT1 revealed that this carrier is working like a perfect thermodynamic machine by which the proton gradient drives sucrose transport and vice versa on the basis of a 1∶1 H+:sucrose stoichiometry [7].

CCCP uncouples the mitochondrial electron transport by dissociating the proton gradient and thus causing mitochondrial depolarization.

By disrupting the proton gradient over the inner mitochondrial membrane, they disconnect the linkage between the respiratory chain and the oxidative phosphorylation that regenerates ATP from ADP.

Uncoupling Protein 1 (UCP1) by disrupting the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane is crucial for non-shivering thermogenesis, leading to heat production (reviewed in [ 28- 30]).