The other major factor allowing the evolution of the long sauropod neck was their hypothesized avian-style respiratory system, which positively affected neck length in two ways: by allowing extremely light construction (Wedel, 2003 b, 2005) and by solving the problem of tracheal dead space (Wedel, 2003 b, Perry et al., 2009, in press).
Two possible approaches are introduced to avoid the problem of dead space; by partitioning the first proportion of exhaled air via a T-valve (time or volume-controlled separation) [ 46] or by monitoring the exhaled CO2 concentration and selecting the period when CO2 reaches the alveolar plateau (CO2-plateau controlled separation) [ 47].
The problem of inadequate space was identified by several clinics as particularly acute with respect to waiting areas, where immune-compromised HIV patients and potentially infectious OPD patients were seated in close proximity with insufficient ventilation.
We overcome the problem of the infinite state space by ignoring the identity of unobserved spacers.
Only with the storage capacity provided by the air sacs, could the problem of tracheal dead space facing long-necked mammals such as giraffes (Perry, 1983, 1992; Daniels & Pratt, 1992; Calder, 1996; Hengst et al., 1996; Paladino et al., 1997; Paul, 1998) be overcome.
In fact, Censor and Elfving [1] studied SFP in a finite-dimensional space, by considering the problem of finding a point begin{aligned} x^{ast}in C quadtext{such that } Ax^{ast }in Q, end{aligned} (1.1) where C and Q are nonempty closed convex subsets of (mathbb {R}^{n}), and A is an (ntimes n) matrix.
The bird-type lung would also have been advantageous in overcoming the problem of tracheal dead space caused by the very long trachea of sauropods (Perry, 1983 , 1989 Daniels & Pratt, 1992; Calder, 1996; Hengst et al., 1996; Paladino, Spotila & Dodson, 1997; Paul, 1998; Wedel, 2003 b ; Perry et al., in press).
Reformulation of the problem of universal type spaces.
Questions such as scalability, sequential multistage optimization by automated exploration of model parameter space, the problem of equifinality, and parameter sensitivity to local conditions are explored.
Braga and Stoye studied the solution space of the problem of sorting by DCJ and developed an algorithm to count the number of optimal sorting sequences [ 9].
