The response to cerebral JEV infection is characterized at the pathological level by significant recruitment and extravasation of inflammatory cells [36], [37], which is, partly mediated by chemokines released from the activated microglia [38].
TSE are characterized at the pathological level by abnormal accumulation of misfolding prion protein (PrPsc) affecting the central nervous system (CNS) [ 1, 2].
We also examined the effect of delirium at the pathological level by determining associations between dementia and neuropathological markers of dementia in patients with and without a history of delirium.
At the pathological level, AD is characterized by acetylcholine depletion, the accumulation of amyloid (or senile) plaques, and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), which can lead to neuronal loss by apoptosis particularly in the cortex and hippocampus and severe brain atrophy [ 71].
Furthermore, general degenerative changes in the spine can be seen, usually most prominent at the pathological level.
However, in all eleven studies, the average score on the anxiety and depression scales obtained by children with migraine did not reach a pathological level, according to the norms established by the validated scales.
The five levels of heterogeneity were gradually obtained between the normal and extreme pathological level.
Many diseases are believed to be driven by pathological levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress has long been recognized as a driver for inflammatory disorders.
It is therefore apparent that detection of chondrocyte responses relevant to OA induced by pathological levels of fluid shear encountered in vivo would require extremely long time scales (equivalent to those associated with the onset of OA), which are infeasible and impractical in a laboratory setting.
Furthermore, we know that subclinical AKI, either identified by pathological levels of early biomarkers (such as neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin) [ 8], or by transient azotemia (defined as rapidly recovering AKI with return to no-AKI RIFLE class within 72 hours of onset) [ 9] is indeed associated with poor outcomes.
