Thus, a better estimate of true density may be obtained by standardizing the observed value by the bias plus one (to get the factor of the bias), which gives a density of 0.009 individuals·m−2 – 9,000 individuals·km−2 which is 191,000 fewer individuals·km−2 than the density reported.
All VAS values were converted to a scale of 0 10 by dividing the observed value by 10.
Values for AUC0 12h and Cmax were dose-normalized by dividing the observed value by the dose recorded at the closest time to each of the measurements.
The [Cl-] and [SIG] levels were adjusted to water excess/deficit by multiplying the observed value by a correcting factor ([Na+]normal/[Na+]observed) [ 8].
Significance of R2 and Fs were evaluated by comparing the observed value with a null distribution generated by 10,000 replicates, using the empirical population sample size and observed number of segregating sites implemented by DnaSP version 4.10.9 [ 83].
In particular, linear regression was used to 'predict' individual pasta intakes on the basis of total energy intake (kcal per day), and the residual value for each regression was calculated by subtracting the observed value from the predicted value (resulting in the 'Pasta-energy residuals').
Each trait was corrected for age, sex, year and/or ringer identity (Table S1) by subtracting the observed value with the proper fixed effects.
The null hypothesis of random association of alleles (IA = 0), consistent with random mating, was tested using the program Multilocus [60] by comparing the observed value of the statistic to that obtained after 1,000 randomizations to simulate recombination.
