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The triaxial pressure was applied by the loading cell which is shown in Fig. 3b.
The dimension is designed, and verified by the loading cell tests.
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The result of the calibration is an estimate of the linear deviation between the forces indicated by the load cell of the machine, and that experienced by the tested specimen.
Although the pressure mapping system tends to underestimate Ppeak, differences on the mean of the 3, 5 and 10 highest Ppeak range within ± 10%, while for the majority of the measurements the error on the integral of the acting pressures (the acting force compared with the force measured by the load cell) ranges within ± 20%.
The test material flows in at the top and leaves through an orifice which chokes the flow and keeps the sensing vessel full at all times; bulk density is obtained from the (known) active volume of the sensing vessel and the weight of material in it as measured by the load cell.
We then compared the calculated force using the linear approximation formula with the applied force measured by the load cell.
As the mask/stamp contacts the substrate, the springs on the stepper head compress and the compression force is measured by the load cell.
We compared the calculated force using the linear approximation formula in Fig. 11 with the applied force measured by the load cell.
Substituting the strain measured by the prototype sensor into the linear approximation formula in Fig. 5, we calculated the applied force and compared it with that obtained by the load cell when a random force was applied.
Using the values of B, H and G for Type A and B specimens (as shown in Fig. 1), the bar tensile loads (PA and PB) were derived as: PA = 1.25F; for Type A specimens; PB = 1.50F; for Type B specimens where F is the total applied load determined by the load cell.
The joint moment was measured by the load cell in the swing arm, allowing continuous control of quadriceps force throughout the complete motion to maintain the nominal extension moment of 31 Nm.
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