This disadvantage of the small volume and diameter of T tubules in the present case may be overcome by the large gradients of lactate as well as HCO3− concentration along the diffusion path through the T tubules, as explained above.
Although elemental incorporation rates can be modified by exogenous and endogenous factors including temperature, growth rate and physiological status [41] [43], these effects are typically small in magnitude compared to those driven by the large gradients in dissolved ambient concentrations between fresh and marine habitats.
The large gradient force is formed by the large depth of the laser beam, in which the stable trapping requires that the gradient force in the − z ^ direction, which is against the direction of incident light (dark soliton valley), and it is greater than the scattering force.
Bruch's membrane, BM, defined by Eq. (2), is the upper boundary of the RPE and can be located by searching for the pixels with the largest gradient value above the C RPE (2) B M = { (x, y B M ) | x ∈ [ 1, N c ], y B M = argmax u ∈ [ y R P E − Δ, y R P E ] g * f x (u ) }, where g = [1 1 1 0 −1 −1 −1] is the gradient operator and Δ is the search range.
We then identify the transition point with the largest gradient of P by using the lower plot in Figure 5.
Mitochondria have been shown to have an established role in calcium buffering with the capacity to absorb a large amount of calcium rapidly from the cytosol, driven by the large electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
If calcium ions, driven by the large electrochemical gradient, normally leak into the top of the cell around the tips of the microelectrodes, reducing external calcium should reduce the apparent [Ca2+] i.
Both cancer sites had the highest correlation between absolute and expected survival, which can be explained by the large age gradient in prognosis of patients with these two malignancies.
The higher GND densities near the carbides (order of 1014 m 2) are generated by the large strain gradients produced around the plastically rigid inclusion during mechanical deformation with some minor contribution from the pre-existing residual deformation caused by the thermal mismatch between carbide and nickel matrix.
The diffusive effects produced by the large voltage gradients between lost-dome and delayed-dome sites can produce a very closely coupled extrasystole via P2R, which arises from phase 2 of the AP where the dome is maintained and propagates into the region where the dome is lost [ 11, 16, 22, 31, 32].
