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The computation of IQS requires the posterior probabilities of AA, AB and BB as output by the imputation program.
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Y.Z., C.Z., Q.Z. and X.H. improved the imputation program for the data analyses.
The value of one indicates a perfect match, and negative values indicate that the imputation program performed worse than chance.
Unfortunately the imputation program did not take the multilevel structure for dichotomized outcomes into account.
Because the low frequency alleles are not represented in any reference haplotype, the imputation program cannot derive the correct allele.
The Maskov imputation program that we present here can be used to overcome the challenges of missing data through map-based imputation.
Imputation was studied in a subset of six chromosomes, using the imputation software programs Beagle and DAGPHASE.
Therefore, output in the form of probabilities should become a standard output of imputation programs in the future, to enable the inclusion of imputation uncertainty into further analyses.
For the majority of SNPs, imputation programs such as IMPUTE [5], MACH[10], and BEAGLE[11], have very high imputation accuracy [5], [11], [12], [13].
Over all three imputation programs, the average genotype correlations for SNPs on chromosomes 3 and 6 were quite similar.
Most imputation programs produce explicit probabilities of the genotypes aa, Aa and AA.
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