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Histogram equalization was applied to these images before they were processed by the feature extractor.
As time passes by, the feature extractor was not only focusing on the time-frequency analysis but entropy features [18 21, 38, 39].
In order to estimate the bit rate, frame rate, and PLR, the feature integrator accumulates statistics collected by the feature extractor over a N-frame sliding window.
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Furthermore, we implement whitening by multiplying the feature extractor W by W ZCAwhite before convolution to avoid repeating 'whitening operation' on each patch in the convolution process.
One of the innovative works proposed in this area is by [2], where the authors utilized random orientation field into the feature extractor to generate cancelable competitive codes.
A recent work in [27] has broken this limitation by proposing a boosting algorithm that puts the learning focus on the feature extractor rather than the classifier so that the new boosting scheme works with LDA-style learners.
These numbers varies strongly with the number of features considered in the feature extractor.
The architecture consists of two components: the feature extractor and the function approximator.
Second, we use discrete ripplet-II transform (DR2T) with degree 2 as the feature extractor.
The feature extractor from the AUDIMUS and the BUT phoneme recognizers [76] outputs log likelihoods instead of PLLR features.
This paper focuses on the feature extractor module, evaluating several types of features and proposing different normalization approaches.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com