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This risk is given by the expected value of the system response over the adopted probability models.
It is shown that if D-optimality is measured by the expected value of the determinant of the information matrix of the experimental design, as has been suggested in the past, on average the designs appear to improve with the variance of the error in setting the factor levels.
Our results show that an optimal strategy for the insurer is to buy a two-layer reinsurance policy for each line of business, and it reduces to be a one-layer reinsurance contract for premium principles satisfying some additional mild conditions, which are met by the expected value principle, standard deviation principle and Wang's principle among many others.
Hence, the average contention window size is determined by the expected value of random variable X, and thus we have.
Each CSBR and PSBR value was divided by the expected value for a normal subject of the age and gender of the patient.
The average case for an input of size n is defined by the expected value or average over all inputs of size n.
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Optimal value of the couple ground volumetric heat capacity-borehole thermal resistance results simply from their conditional expectation, by using the expected value of service parameter p: m p = E(p) = ⌠p∙f(p dp.
The inflation factor, lambda, was estimated by dividing the median chi-square values by 0.455 (the expected value under the null hypothesis) for each data set.
This is done by subtracting the expected value from the observed counts and dividing by the standard deviation, Z = (X– E[ X]) /σ X, assuming that the codon counts are independent events and follow a binomial distribution.
In life-cycle costing analyses, optimal design is usually achieved by minimising the expected value of the discounted costs.
The typical methodologies assessed the performance of the problem under the variability of the uncertain parameters by optimizing the expected value of the objective function.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com