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The variance of the IV estimator can then be approximated as Under the assumption that β(Z → χ ) is independent of β(Z → Y ), the variance of the IV estimator is then We substitute b(Z→Y ) and b(Z→X ) by the estimates of ß(Z→Y ) and ß(Z→X ), respectively, and approximate the V a r (β (Z → Y ) ) and V a r (β (Z → X ) ) by the associated standard error.
It now has about 9,000 kilograms, by the estimates of the International Atomic Energy Agency.
The total will approach $1 billion, by the estimates of some state officials and consultants, most of it in new spending.
The prices for the dog pictures at Doyle New York's sixth annual "Dogs in Art" auction on Tuesday may be even more affordable, judging by the estimates.
Moreover, her postprison appeal as an avatar of taste is untested, and the company's stock is overvalued by the estimates of almost every analyst.
Because voter turnout is about 80percentt here, that would require the government to win 65percentt of those votes, by the estimates of experts.
Statistics are unreliable, but by the estimates of Memorial, a human-rights organisation, at least 289 Russian soldiers and policemen were killed last year and 551 wounded.
As the Pentagon Papers later showed, that was contradicted as early as May 1964 by the estimates and recommendations of virtually all of Johnson's own civilian and military advisers.
Farmers in this region have cultivated cannabis for more than 70 years and, by the estimates of several Balkh residents, at least half the adult male population smokes hashish.
By the estimates of several players, there are now at least 15, though nobody is sure of the exact number because the groups are continually forming, changing members and dissolving.
"The cost of Sept. 11 is measured in the hundreds of billions of dollars -- $100 billion right out of taxpayers' pockets and, by the estimates we've made, $225 billion on up to $400 billion or $500 billion of damage done to the economy," a senior administration official told reporters at the White House last week, after President Bush released his spending request.
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