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The tropospheric refraction is T, and the measurement noise is characterised by the error terms ε and e.
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For example, we can measure the error accounted for by adding the time series B to equation (4) by comparing the error terms of equations (2) and (4).
By allowing the error terms in Eqs.
It does this by assessing the error terms of the equations which it sees as shocks.
The part of the deviation that cannot be explained by quality is captured by the error term ε i hlym.
Patient-level factors influencing Z ij other than the factors included in the model for Z ij are regarded as disturbances captured by the error term.
However, in a nested ANOVA design as ours, the random factors Line in Species and Line by Cactus are the error terms of the fixed factors (Species, Cactus and their interaction).
Accounting for clustering via robust/sandwich/Huber-White procedures inflates the standard errors by the correlation in the error terms.
The ADF test adjusts the DF test to take care of possible autocorrelation in the error terms by adding the lagged difference term of the dependent variable.
Again, the ADF test adjusts the DF test to take care of possible serial correlations in the error terms by adding the lagged difference terms of the regressand.
In this contribution two beam elements (Euler Bernoulli kinematics, Timoshenko kinematics) are utilized to emphasize the consequences of the approximation errors by an analytical computation of the error terms.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com