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In upstate Ohio, the irrepressible future president James Garfield was an idealistic state senator whose sense of Emersonian independence was increasingly affronted by the equivocation, self-censorship and unsavory compromises required to keep the slave states from seceding.
The secrecy level of the confidential message at receiver 2 is measured by the equivocation rate defined as (6).
In this model, the confidentiality is measured by the equivocation rate, that is, the mutual information between the confidential message and the eavesdropper's observation.
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Often Burghley was frustrated by the equivocations of the Queen, but he came to accept her good fortune as the care of Providence for Protestant England.
By ensuring that the equivocation rate is arbitrarily close to the message rate, one can achieve perfect secrecy in the sense that the eavesdropper is now limited to learn almost nothing about the source-destination messages from its observations.
The equivocation by Muslim scholars with respect to the technique of suicide bombing reflected the reality that throughout the Muslim world, Palestinian suicide bombers were by 2001 identified as martyrs dying in a just cause.
More specifically, perfect secrecy can be built in two separated blocks: (1) a precoding that cancels the channel seen by the eavesdropper to fulfill the equivocation requirement, (2) the powerful off-the-shelf encoding techniques to achieve the secrecy rate.
The equivocation of responses by Mr. Putin and Mr. Fomenko is studied and deliberate, Kenneth Geers, a senior research scientist at Comodo, a cybersecurity firm, and a former cybersecurity officer with NATO, said in a telephone interview.
Another useful metric to measure the security is the equivocation rate analysis by information-theoretic security on the secret message [9 11].
Theorem 3 follows from the achievable equivocation region given in [11, Theorem ] by simply considering rates that equal the equivocation rate.
According to [3], the level of secrecy is measured by the uncertainty of Eve about the message R e which is called the equivocation rate.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com