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The oxygen potential established by the equilibrium between Rh + MgO + Mg1+xRh2−xO4 was measured as a function of temperature using a solid-state cell incorporating yttria-stabilized zirconia as an electrolyte and pure oxygen at 0.1 MPa as the reference electrode.
The solid-state cell is based on single crystal CaF2 as the electrolyte and Ca3N2 as the auxiliary electrode to convert the nitrogen chemical potential established by the equilibrium between Ga and Al1−xGaxN solid solution into an equivalent fluorine potential.
Equation (30) shows that the final value of δ is determined by the equilibrium between the SN destruction and the accretion growth in the ISM.
For our research, we assumed that prices are determined by the equilibrium between the supply and demand of the asset to which they refer.
In this paper, we have not considered dust supply from stars, because the dust mass in the Milky Way is governed by the equilibrium between grain growth in molecular clouds and grain destruction by SN shocks (e.g. Inoue, 2011).
The solubility of elemental sulfur is probably most significantly impacted by the equilibrium between elemental sulfur and hydrogen sulfide or bisulfide to form polysulfide, via the reaction [23],[26]–[28]: n − 1 / 8 α − S 8 bulk + HS − → S n 2 − + H + (5).
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It is known that intracellular oxidative stress could be accelerated by NPs by disturbing the equilibrium between the oxidant and antioxidant processes [77].
In a dipolar aprotic medium (dimethylacetamide), organic sulphides or polysulphides RSxR (R = alkyl or phenyl group, x = 1, 2, 3) are not reduced into thiolate ions by S3− or S2−8, electrogenerated from sulphur, but give complexes RSxR, S2−6 by shifting the equilibrium between S3− and S2−6 ions.
Replica molecular dynamics simulations reveal a low free energy barrier between flipped-out and flipped-in states, consistent with a switch that can be controlled by shifting the equilibrium between states.
IL-21 may contribute to the pathogenesis of BD by disrupting the equilibrium between Th17 cells and Tregs [77, 83].
By shifting the equilibrium between stalled and translating mRNAs, SG formation can modulate stress response of the cells (Protter and Parker, 2016).
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