These differences are not best explained by the developmental pathways discerned by Butler and Hodos (ref. [1]), since both the bichir P. palmas and the bowfin A. calva are classified as having type 1 ("laminar") brains, while C. auratus and S. canicula are classified as having type 2 ("elaborate") brains.
Evidence has been presented that root hair formation is modulated by the developmental pathways, and, for environmental stress, ethylene/auxin signalling is a predominant feature.
By these same strategies the developmental pathways of continuity from childhood separation anxiety into adult panic disorder, and the association of both conditions with altered sensitivity to CO2, can be further clarified, and GXE mechanisms explored in man and animal.
In the future, it would be of great interest to work out the developmental pathways by which these miRNAs function and the biological significance of their rapid pace of evolution.
These approaches emphasize the importance of studying not just the end-state of cognition but also the developmental pathways by which the end-state has been arrived at (Cornish, Sudhalter, & Turk, 2004; Cornish, Scerif, & Karmiloff-Smith, 2007; Karmiloff-Smith, 1998, 2007).
Not only is there a correspondence between the developmental pathways followed by cells in vitro and in vivo, but there is a similar concordance between the factors that induce and pattern ESCs and the embryo during differentiation.
These analyses revealed strong correlations between the micro-environmental conditions inside the bioreactors and the developmental pathways taken by the microbial communities, even though the same microbial consortium was used as a starting inoculum in all experimental runs.
Second, one of the main mechanisms that plants employ to endure abiotic stress is by reprogramming the developmental pathway so that important growth phases that are sensitive to abiotic stress are delayed [ 40].
Interestingly, such a variation can occur without changing the basic properties of the developmental process, by slight modulations of the developmental pathway that might even be of epigenetic origin.
Analyses of mutants arresting sporulation at defined stages demonstrated that metabolic reprogramming is tightly controlled by the progression through the developmental pathway.
We are, however, aware of the fact that superficially similar-looking traits need neither be directed by the same developmental pathways nor be derived from the same putative cell precursor pool.
