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Here also, we can observe that the TINVOK metric varies less than the others test case metrics (followed by the TLOC metric), which seems suggesting that this metric is the least affected by the development style used by the developers while writing the code of unit test cases.
It is often due to the adopted testing strategy and/or the criteria used by the developers while selecting the software classes for which they developed test cases (randomly or depending on their size or complexity e.g., or on other criteria).
Terms: Terms related to STEM used by the developers while introducing the content in the web resources.
In fact, we suspect that the style adopted by the developers while writing the code of JUnit test cases can have a significant impact on the distribution of the values of the selected unit test case metrics.
In addition, is that the distribution of these metrics is influenced by the systems design and the style adopted by the developers while writing the code of unit test cases?
Moreover, the variations that we can observe from one system to another concerning the best subset of metrics may be due to the sensitivity of (some) unit test case metrics to the differences in the styles adopted by the developers while writing the code of JUnit test cases.
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The faults used in mutation testing typically represent real coding errors made by developers, while in our approach, we use faults that represent typical data quality problems (which are essentially the effect of common operator errors mixed with the effect of developer mistakes or bad practices).
We used in a second stage clustering techniques to determine the unit test case metrics that are the less volatile, i.e. the least affected by the style adopted by developers while writing the code of test cases.
In others words, we wanted to determine what are the unit test case metrics that are the less volatile, i.e. the least affected by the style adopted by developers while writing the code of test cases.
The main goal of the study was to identify a subset of independent unit test case metrics: (1) providing useful information reflecting the effort involved in writing the code of unit test cases, and (2) that are the less volatile, i.e. the least affected by the style adopted by developers while writing the code of test cases.
Furthermore, we used in a second stage clustering techniques, particularly K-Means and Univariate clustering, to determine the unit test case metrics that are the less volatile, i.e. the least affected by the style adopted by developers while writing the code of unit test cases.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com