An implicit assumption underpins basic models of the evolution of cooperation, mutualism and altruism: The benefits (or pay-offs) of cooperation and defection are defined by the current frequency or distribution of cooperators.
By focusing on the frequency of cooperators, this approach makes the implicit assumption that the public good is entirely defined by the current frequency of cooperators, essentially allowing the 'public good' itself to drop out of the analysis, in favour of a study of cooperation versus defection analogous to the two-player models presented above.
The electrochemical experiments were performed potentiostatically for 10 min, galvanostatically for 10 min, and by pulsed current at a frequency of 0.5 Hz for 20 min, for each of the substrates.
This was primarily attributed to the transition time of the alternating electrical wave, which was determined by the current frequencies tested.
The current study prepared rugate porous silicon (pSi) particles by electrochemical etching with the current frequency (K value) of 2.17 and 2.45.
It was followed by the slit length (17.72%), the alternating current frequency (4.17%) and the slit width (1.57%).
The display technology at the time prohibited displaying an entire frame all at once, so a compromise was made between film's 24fps, the fields per second cathode ray tubes were capable of at the time, and the 60Hz alternating current frequency used by the US, producing the familiar interlaced image seen still seen on many analog TVs today.
The models can be stimulated by intracellular step current, frequency current (ZAP) or synaptic stimulation.
Aligned three-dimensional nanofibrous silk fibroin chitosan (eSFCS) scaffolds were fabricated using dielectrophoresis (DEP) by investigating the effects of alternating current frequency, the presence of ions, the SF CS ratio and the post-DEP freezing temperature.
The stimulation by different acupuncturists may vary greatly, so the manipulation of needling is sometimes performed by electro-stimulation or electro-acupuncture (EA), in which the stimulation intensity can be regulated accurately by the current output and frequency, especially for acupuncture experiments.
"By manipulating the magnitude of current, frequency, and temperature -- both heating and cooling -- thus far salty, sour, and bitter sensations have been successfully generated," lead researcher, Nimesha Ranasinghe, told The Telegraph.
