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The spread of performance across companies, as measured by the average difference in EBIT margin between companies in the top quartile of their industries compared to the bottom quartile, is greater than at any time in recent history.
For difference-in-difference estimates, Y1i is replaced by the difference between earnings following participation and earnings prior to program participation, and Y ¯ 0 j i is replaced by the average difference for the matched comparison cases over the same period.
These differences can be measured by the frequency of occurrence of the various emotional events, and by the average difference in the payments for the two participants in that event.
The divergence from perfect agreement can be summarized numerically by the average difference pre-test to post-test.
The saccadic facilitation effect was characterized by the average difference between the latencies for uniform and structured backgrounds.
Self-assessment of QI skills improved from baseline as determined by the average difference in satisfaction index (group data) as well as in individual self-assessment scores.
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A correction factor was determined by dividing the average difference in % tail DNA of all controls by the difference for each individual experiment.
After optimizing primers efficiencies, residual primer bias was corrected by calculating the average difference in CT values between each optimized IT4 var primer pair and adenylosuccinate lyase using genomic DNA as template, as described previously [46].
From this method the coefficient of repeatability was derived by calculating the average difference ± 1.96 standard deviation of the difference.
The change in the positioning degree can be obtained by calculating the average difference in the positioning degree between samples.
Effects of drought were evaluated by comparing the average difference between drought and control treatments across all sampling points.
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by the average quality
by the average patient
by the average household
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by the symmetric difference
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