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A short helix (C-helix) positioned by the activation loop contributes to the organization of the active site.
Glu 445, in helix αC, forms an ion pair with Lys 430 in the active conformation but is prevented from doing so in this inactive conformation by the activation loop and helix αC.
TrkA autoinhibition closely resembles that seen for the insulin receptor, relying on projection of an activation loop tyrosine residue into the substrate-binding site and occlusion of the ATP-binding site by the activation loop.
Because of space constraints, the small S216 residue is more likely to fit the hydrophobic pocket created by the activation loop containing the DFG motif (Asp512-Phe513-Gly514) than the larger Y212 residue.
The structures reveal that TrkA closely resembles IRK in its mode of autoinhibition (and presumably activation), relying only on occlusion of the substrate- and ATP-binding sites by the activation loop.
Similar(55)
As in other organisms, yeast Pkh proteins exert pleiotropic effects by phosphorylating the activation loop of diverse AGC protein kinases and by the direct phosphorylation of other regulatory proteins.
GSK-3 differs from most kinases in that it is constitutively active and controlled by inhibition, rather than by specific activation conferred by phosphorylation of the activation loop.
AMPK is a substrate for kinases such as LKB1 and CAMKK2, which modulate its activity by phosphorylation of the activation loop on both alpha subunits at threonine 172.
The 431 residue MST3 is activated by autophosphorylation of the activation loop Thr [ 19].
MAPKs are activated by phosphorylation within the activation loop, typically both on a tyrosine and a threonine.
In a paralogous C. parvum CDPK that does not belong to the CpCDPK2 subfamily, CDPK1 [PDB: 3DFA, EupathDB cgd3_920], the αC arginine is replaced by T50, and the activation loop threonine by D165.
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