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Experimental research has made advances in examining these questions by testing for differences in behavior when interacting with individuals from different groups.
Analyses were carried out by testing for differences between the proportions seen within the relevant targets at different levels of the factor concerned, using data from the complete period (July 1997 December 2000).
At the same time, the broad geographic area inhabited by A. transcaspicus may provide opportunities for ecological specialization in subdivided populations, and we assess this possibility by testing for differences in climatic variables experienced by parasitoids from each genetic cluster.
It can also provide an opportunity to detect HTE by testing for differences in treatment effects across similar RCTs.
We tested for differences between treatments by testing for differences in the percentage of flowers with pollinaria removed or deposited.
We evaluated evidence for POE by testing for differences between the maternal log RR and paternal log RR using a likelihood ratio test.
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Multivoxel pattern analysis can detect such representations by testing for systematic differences in the local activity patterns for different task conditions.
They focus instead on assessing the impact of overall EPL changes on productivity by testing for significant differences in the outcomes of a treatment group (e.g., smaller firms in Italy or US states adopting wrongful discharge protections) and a control group (e.g., larger firms in Italy or US states not adopting those rules).
However, it is possible to determine whether each sample is representative of the same population by testing for significant differences between the two samples.
First, we quantified selection against migrants by testing for potential differences in both survival and reproductive success between HP and LP guppies.
Given the sex role choice experiment, we tested whether the body size of primary donors was smaller than the recipients' by testing for size differences within each pair using a paired t-test.
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