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By taking the normalized error expressed in Eq. (19), it is possible to obtain the performance results shown in Fig. 7 for different signal-to-noise ratios.
When 'N' is assigned a value of one, the software generates stiffness matrices for quadrilateral element, line element and interface element considering the nodal connectivity by taking the normalized input dataset.
Each value was normalized to that of GAPDH, and then the relative mRNA abundance was calculated by taking the normalized value for the control group as 1.
They were chosen in an unsupervised manner by taking the normalized and background filtered data and sorting for microRNA expressed above background in all samples and with the largest standard deviation across the entire sample set.
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The fall-off profile is then given by directly taking the normalized magnitude of the Fourier transform of Eq. (7) with respect to ω, and recasting in terms of the pathlength mismatch, z: where z = tc/2, L is the physical cavity length, n eff is the effective refractive index, ζ is the characteristic decay distance given by ζ = n e f f L F / π, and f filter is the Fourier transform of T filter.
Protein abundance was determined by taking the average normalized standardized iTRAQ peak area of all unique peptides annotated to that protein.
The relative bioavailability of folate following meal A exceeded significantly the suggested value of 50% for food folates by taking the dose-normalized area under the curve (AUC) following ingestion of meal B as reference.
RSpredict calculates the normalized free energy of the substructure S, denoted NE(S), by taking the sum of the normalized energies of the six loops.
MM oligos were evaluated by taking the difference in normalized intensities (MM-PM).
CENP-A-enriched centromeric sequence features (50-mer database) were determined by taking the log transformed normalized ratio of the frequency within the CENP-A relative to the genomic database.
Replicates were combined at the probe level by taking the average of the normalized log intensities for each probe.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com