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This equation implies that the first row is formed by taking differences between adjacent elements in the coding sequence, the second row is formed by taking differences between next-adjacent elements, and so on.
The differential approach removes the impact of the nuisance parameters by taking differences between the reference and the observations.
This method firstly selects a reference and then removes the impact of u by taking differences between the observations and the reference.
In all calculations, the secular variation at a given observatory was obtained by taking differences between monthly means at t + 6 months and t − 6 months, in order to remove at least part of the seasonal variations of external origin (see, e.g., Olsen and Mandea, 2007).
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Independent sample t test was applied between the two groups by taking the differences between the data obtained in these periods.
[ 20] Effect sizes, calculated by taking the differences between means and dividing by the pooled standard deviation, were done to show the magnitude of the differences between parents of children with and without sickle cell disease.
The redundance of musical sounds is exploited by taking the differences between subbands in the same frame, and between the same subbands in adjacent time instants; the resulting vector is quantized with one bit, and similarities between each short fingerprint are computed through the Hamming distance.
We determined the effect size by taking the differences between the two means divided by the standard deviation of the scores in the reference population.
Therefore, by taking the differences between base and remote receiver, the measurement noise of pseudorange increases by 1.42 to 11 cm (Misra et al. 1996).
We extracted coseismic static offsets by taking the differences between the averages of 60 epochs (60 s) before and after the foreshocks.
We can estimate the interlayer splitting by taking the differences between bands 1 and 2 and bands 3 and 4 (except at low separation).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com