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Like all microarrays, Affymetrix SNP arrays are affected by systematic sources of experimental variation.
Deviation from accuracy (i.e. bias) is often introduced by systematic sources of error.
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When measured, the confounding generated by these systematic sources of variation can be controlled by correcting for them in a model.
The satellite-based estimates were, however, inevitably influenced by both random and systematic sources of uncertainty associated with AOD retrieval, varying relations between AOD and PM2.5, and temporal sampling biases (Hu 2009; Kumar 2010; Paciorek and Liu 2009).
For each species we imported log2-transformed data into SAS version 9 and used 'PROC MIXED' to model and remove systematic sources of variation contributed by Cy3 versus Cy5 dyes, slide and hybridization effects, slide × dye interactions and slide × treatment interactions [ 36, 37].
Furthermore, there is also the possibility of systematic sources of bias in the worm.
Data sets contain both random and systematic sources of error.
Popular normalizing methods include lowess and loess smoothers to remove systematic sources of noise [ 3, 4].
A normalisation method was used to compensate for systematic sources of variation in gene expression measurements.
We limited the analysis to women served by public water supplies, because routine monitoring of public wells provides a systematic source of exposure data.
No other centralized, systematic source of broad national disease-specific burden estimates was identified.
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