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Procrustes variances were obtained by summing the squared deviations from the respective sample means and dividing by the appropriate degrees of freedom.
Cochran's Q statistic was calculated by summing the squared deviations of each study's estimate from the overall meta-analysis estimate weighted by each study's contribution.
Cochran's Q-statistic [ 41] was computed by summing the squared deviations of each study's estimate from the overall meta-analytic estimate, weighting each study's contribution in the same manner as in the meta-analysis [ 39].
Cochran's Q is computed by summing the squared deviations of each study's estimate from the overall meta-analytic estimate, weighting each study's contribution in the same manner as in the meta-analysis.
Students calculate the value of the chi-squared test statistic (χ2) by summing the squared difference between the observed and expected number of uni- and multicellular yeast found in rotifer stomachs: chi^{2} = frac{{left( {#,Observed_{uni} - #, Expected_{uni} } right)^{2} }}{{#, Expected_{uni} }} + frac{{left( {#,Observed_{multi} - #,Expected_{multi} } right)^{2} }}{{#,Expected_{multi} }} (2).
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But we could still define its length in the same way, by summing the squares of the components.
Injury Severity Scores (ISS) were calculated by summing the squares of squares of the AIS scores of the three most severely injured body regions, and an MAIS 6 in any body region was assigned an ISS value of 75 (Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine 2008).
A test statistic is computed by summing the squares of differences in abundance of observations between the two groups within rectangular regions of the niche space.
We approximated this area by summing the square of the relative expression levels of all genes.
The HHI is calculated by summing the square of each firm's market share.
We then calculated household concentration by summing the square of these shares.
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