The case control design is potentially prone to a number of biases [ 28], in particular some that could confer a bias in favour of screening, and which are addressed either at the design stage by choosing appropriate selection criteria, or at the analysis stage by using suitable statistical methods.
The case control design is potentially prone to a number of biases (Walter, 2003 [ 5]), in particular some that could confer a bias in favour of screening, and which are addressed either at the design stage by choosing appropriate selection criteria, or at the analysis stage by using suitable statistical methods.
Execution of a rigorous external validation study rests in proper study design, application of suitable statistical methods, and transparent reporting.
Its effect can be alleviated through better study design and the use of suitable statistical methods [20].
Association between the two parameters shall be tested using suitable statistical methods.
Secondary outcomes and cognitive function will be analysed with multiple regression analyses and other suitable statistical methods.
Suitable statistical methods include piecewise linear regression [ 10] and spline based techniques [ 11], for example generalised additive models (GAMs).
To date, few studies have reported statistical adjustments to the naive estimates, due to the lack of suitable statistical methods and computational tools.
