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Single missing values were handled conservatively by substituting the missing value with the higher value from the preceding or following visit.
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The imputation by the Mokken model [ 16, 23] consists in substituting the missing data by the most probable values in order to obtain a responses pattern which produces the fewer Guttman errors as possible (a Guttman error is produced when an individual negatively responds to a given item, and positively responds to a more difficult item).
26 Different alternatives have been used for substituting the missing values.
For this purpose, two reduction rules are proposed to substitute the missing parts by a set of places.
In the RAI (Iterative Rasch model) method, we substitute the missing data by the RAS model, and then reestimate the parameters of the Rasch model with the subsituted values leading to a second substitution.
In spite of this we decided to substitute the missing values by the mean in order to be able to make maximal use of the data of all our cases.
This fact might be explainable by several components of E. coli cells that may substitute the missing NADH dehydrogenase.
Therefore we have substituted the missing end-evaluations of the two latter subjects by carrying the last available observation forward as an alternative procedure [ 25].
In such cases, investigators must decide whether to substitute the missing information with a proxy responder.
Therefore a multiple imputation method was employed to substitute the missing data.
Missing data were imputed by substituting for the missing value the scale mean rounded to an integer.
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