Additionally, ILC3-derived IL-22 and lymphotoxin are also required for the fucosylation of the gut epithelial cells by stimulating the expression of fucosyltransferase Fut2 (Goto et al., 2014; Pickard et al., 2014).
Further gene expression analyses revealed that BAF60a induces the expression of CAR, which regulates bile acid detoxification by stimulating the expression of hepatic genes responsible for the modification, conjugation, and transportation of bile acids (Pascussi et al., 2008; Li and Chiang, 2013).
In response to oxidative and ER stress, activating transcription factor 4 (and4) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-beta (C/EBP-beta) negatively regulate mTOR by stimulating the expression of Redd1 (Jin et al., 2009), a known inhibitor of mTOR (Corradetti et al., 2005) whose expression is induced by a variety of cellular stress conditions, including hypoxia and energy stress (Sofer et al., 2005).
Recently, PGC-1α has also been shown to regulate the circadian rhythm by stimulating the expression of the clock gene Bmal1 [24].
Second, vitamin D can promote insulin sensitivity by stimulating the expression of insulin receptors and enhancing insulin responsiveness for glucose transport.
Additionally, TGFβ stabilizes the ECM proteins by stimulating the expression of PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor 1).
PGC-1α also regulates cellular oxidant antioxidant homeostasis by stimulating the gene expression of superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD2), catalase, glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1), and uncoupling protein (UCP).
It was suggested that upregulated EMMPRIN expression possibly contributes to local invasion by stimulating the MMP expressions of both stromal and tumour cells in gastric carcinomas.
It has been proposed that CERNA facilitates the occupancy of RNA Pol II in cis by increasing chromatin accessibility, stimulating the expression of MyoD, while DRRRNA functions in trans to promote the expression of myogenin, a key member of the myogenic transcription factor family [ 148].
TZDs can also activate AMPK by stimulating the release and expression of circulating adiponectin from adipose tissue [ 66, 67] or indirectly by increasing the cellular AMP/ATP ratio, possibly by a similar mechanism to biguanides [ 108].
