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In one of these reports, PAI-1 was found to act by stimulating migration of endothelial cells from perivascular areas rich in the ECM protein vitronectin to sites rich in fibronectin [ 35].
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Moreover, PDGF-C has been reported to revascularize ischemic tissues by mobilizing endothelial progenitor cells or stimulating migration of endothelial cells [ 26].
These studies strongly suggest a role for extracellular action of S1P through S1P1 and other S1P-Rs in stimulating migration of ECs.
In vivo and in vitro studies give a paradoxical picture of the actions of the key regulatory factor TGF-β1 in epidermal wound healing with it stimulating migration of keratinocytes but also inhibiting their proliferation.
Furthermore, moderate hypoxia (1% O2) was found to be optimal in stimulating migration of MDA-MB-231 cells.
Because VEGF-E was most efficient in stimulating migration of iBREC, one could assume that VEGFR1 is a negative regulator.
The scaffold design is also a critical factor as it can play a role in aligning the surfaces of cartilage and stimulating migration of the endogenous cells.
PDGF is a potent mitogen for fibroblasts [ 31] and appears to play an essential role in the expansion of myofibroblasts by stimulating proliferation, migration and survival [ 28].
In addition, evidence exists that endothelial and mesangial cells can proliferate in some circumstances, and that podocytes may even promote capillary growth by stimulating proliferation and migration of glomerular endothelial cells [ 102, 110].
Also bFGF plays an important role in vascular responses by increasing endothelial cell proliferation, stimulating migration, and promoting angiogenesis [ 19].
Our findings suggest that chemokines induced by IL-1β or HIF-2α in chondrocytes regulate pannus expansion by stimulating FLS migration and invasion, leading to cartilage erosion during RA pathogenesis.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com