Sentence examples for by stepwise mutation and from inspiring English sources

The equally closely related haplotype carrying the combination 13,13 could be due to conversion, but may also have arisen from 12,12 by stepwise mutation, and to be conservative is excluded.

In the most common traditional pathway of colorectal carcinogenesis the chromosomal instability by stepwise mutation of Ki-ras, APC, and p53 genes generally leads to development of approximately 70% 85% of colorectal carcinomas [ 33].

The distribution of repeat numbers at each locus within each lineage suggests the variation seen has arisen by stepwise mutations of a lineage founder strain.

In addition, our results predict that mutations that cause large shifts in the wavelength of peak absorption promote speciation, whereas we did not observe speciation when peak absorption evolved by stepwise mutations with small effect.

Type I cancers progress through a stepwise mutation process and frequently harbor PTEN, KRAS, and BRAF mutations.

More recently Hey and Nielsen [ 1] included a stepwise mutation model, and a procedure for considering loci that combines both an infinite sites component and a stepwise component.

Mutation in NRY STRs was modeled by the stepwise mutation model (SMM).

Their estimator is unbiased under the single-step stepwise mutation model and is robust against other forms of stepwise mutation models.

The Stepwise Mutation Model and 1000 replications were used for these tests.

Runs were performed using both the stepwise mutation model and the infinite allele model.

We estimated θ using the sample homozygoisty-based estimator developed by Xu and Fu (2004) [ 22], which is approximately unbiased under the single-step stepwise mutation model and has a much smaller variance than the size-variance based estimator.