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Our study design combined systematic mosquito sampling in different habitat types, including pristine rainforest, forest border zones, agricultural crop land, and human settlements, with screening for viral infections followed by specific testing of mosquitoes from all habitats for any of the isolated viruses.
In order to ensure only patients with alcohol-related liver disease or NAFLD were investigated, other causes of chronic liver disease were excluded by specific testing of chronic viral hepatitis B and C, autoimmune liver diseases, haemochromatosis and common genetic liver diseases, and no other relevant reason for transaminase elevation (eg, congestive cardiac failure, medication use).
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We saw above that there are instances where the assessment of results yielded by specific tests for capacity start to merge into normative evaluative questions that bear on the empirical validity of those tests.
Therefore, findings on the mechanism of action initially represent knowledge-based hypotheses that must be verified by specific testing and/or may influence the priority of further investigations.
The diagnosis of very rare diseases relies on a high 'index of suspicion' followed by specific testing.
52– 55 Before embarking on a major hepatectomy, it is routine to make an evaluation of the liver either radiologically (e.g., steatosis, splenomegaly) or by using specific tests of hepatic functional reserve, such as the indocyanine green retention rate, the MEGX test, or the LiMAx test.
To provide greater resolution toward the mechanism of silencing, we performed specific tests of predictions made by these models, asking whether the inferred stalled transcription complex at HML exists, and whether the function of a completely heterologous, prokaryotic RNA polymerase can be quantitatively blocked by Sir-based silencing in vivo.
In the future, because of the better knowledge of the host response and of the variability of individual susceptibility in the occurrence of these effects, a major goal for policy makers will be the proper and early recognition by means of sensible and specific tests—of at-risk subpopulations.
This is potentially error-prone and can only be confirmed by specific longitudinal tests of the hypotheses proposed above.
The presented average coagulation time during ECMO in each article was divided by the standard laboratory time of the specific test if provided, or by 107 s for activated coagulation time (ACT), 35 s for partial thromboplastin time (PTT) and 22 s for thrombin time (TT) to obtain a comparable coagulation ratio across studies.
Prior knowledge of MRI results may also alter physician perception by focusing attention on the results of specific tests, while decreasing attention paid to other tests.
Write better and faster with AI suggestions while staying true to your unique style.
Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com