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The conditional reliability function, the conditional probability density and moments of first-passage time are obtained by solving the backward Kolmogorov equation and generalized Pontryagin equations with suitable initial and boundary conditions.
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The rates of substitution from monomorphic (all individuals carry either allele b or a) populations can be evaluated from Equation 3 by solving the corresponding backward equation (see, e.g., K imura 1964) for appropriate boundary conditions, yielding (5) u b → a = μ b → a σ 1 − e −σ, u a → b = − μ a → b σ 1 − e + σ.
Mixed convective in a lid-driven cavity and through channels with backward-facing step is studied by solving the equations of conservation of mass, momentum, energy and solutal concentration numerically.
The validity of the overall methodology is demonstrated by solving the evolving flow between two parallel plates and the laminar flow over a backward-facing step on progressively truncated domains.
Starting from n = T/∆t, use LSM to solve the backward dynamic program Eq. (5).
Fu et al. [30] used it to solve the backward heat conduction problem.
The desired estimator parameters can be obtained by solving coupled backward recursive Riccati difference equations (RDEs).
By using the completing squares method and stochastic analysis techniques, necessary and sufficient conditions are derived for the H∞ consensus to be ensured, and then the time-varying controller parameters are designed by solving coupled backward recursive Riccati difference equations (RDEs).
The controller parameters are characterized by solving two coupled backward recursive Riccati difference equations subject to the scheduled SCP.
In this paper, we prove a stochastic Fubini theorem by solving a special backward stochastic differential equation (BSDE, for short) which is different from the existing techniques.
The optimal transmission power of each SU can be obtain by using dynamic programming (DP) algorithm and immediate optimization solved by the backward induction method and the Lagrange dual method, respectively.
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