However, we have shown that using a naïve null distribution, for example, by simply randomly sampling from all genes, would yield many false positives (supplementary fig. S5, Supplementary Material online), because this null distribution would not reflect the inherent properties of gene sets in general.
This is reasonably straightforward in the first setting S1, where the folds can be formed by simply random sampling of the drug target pairs.
Since gradient information is unavailable, it is provably impossible to verify closeness to optimality simply by sampling f at a finite number of points.
We can no longer sample from z simply by sampling an index of the array, because different indices now imply different fitnesses, and thus different probability masses.
This so-called co-occurrence, co-existence or comorbidity of disorders occurs at all ages, and cannot be explained away simply by sampling bias.
On a Friday or Saturday you can more or less get a free lunch by simply enjoying samples.
For pragmatic reasons, many genome-wide association studies either ignore gender by simply pooling samples of males and females, or male and female data sets are analyzed separately and then pooled if no sex-specific effects are found.
The power of the meta-analysis to identify 5p15.33, 6p21 6p22 and 15q25.1 risk SNPs and loci was over 90%, making it unlikely that additional lung cancer susceptibility variants of similar magnitude and allele frequencies can be identified by simply increasing sample size in Europeans.
The first that I want to mention is what's referred to as the zero order hold, where in effect, we do the interpolation in between these sample values by simply holding the sample value until the next sampling instant.
A justification of the sample size was provided by 58%% of protocols, but a sample size calculation by effect estimation was performed in only 11%% of the NIS; 35 % justified the sample size by the width of a predefined confidence interval and 12 % justified the sample size by simply declaring their sample size as appropriate for answering the study objectives.
