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For each analysis, a distribution was generated by shuffling, without replacement, the values from the two compared categories within and between categories, and then calculating the difference between the category means in these resampled data sets.
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For number of sexual interactions and aggressive interactions: i) the data were portioned by sex, ii) the number of interactions per individual was shuffled (without replacement) 1000 times at random between populations, iii) for each random set the difference in mean number of interactions per population was computed and iv) real mean difference was compared to the random distribution.
For the randomization test, all times between pulses were calculated (including the pauses between pulse trains), and these values were shuffled without replacement.
The time lag was then shuffled randomly without replacement among tips 1000 times, repeating the likelihood reconstruction and counting up the number of evolutionary steps during each randomization.
Phase-0 introns are the most favorable for exon duplication or shuffling without modifying the reading frame [ 28], and the human hop gene comprises TPR − DP modules surrounded by phase-0 introns.
Further, random promoter sets for each of the promoter classification (narrow, broad with peak and broad without peak) were generated by shuffling the core promoter sequences.
Permutation analysis was conducted by shuffling correlation coefficients 500 times (i.e. unrestricted shuffling).
By shuffling the trials, 20 possible combinations were obtained.
Electronic microchips crunch numbers by shuffling dollops of charge.
Surrogates were constructed by shuffling these segments.
In addition, a second "shuffled alignment" is produced by shuffling the alignments codon-wise (thus, always in multiples of three).
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