Thus, M1 phenotype exacerbates neuronal dysfunction by several different pathways, which include, at least, cytokine and ROS production and glutamate excitotoxicity [81, 88].
In this analysis, we were careful to select stress-inducible genes regulated by several different pathways.
OTA is subject to metabolism by several different pathways including hydrolysis, hydroxylation, lactone-opening, and conjugation, yielding numerous different metabolites.
It is possible that Mfn levels are kept constant by several different pathways including MUL1 and the PINK1/parkin pathway.
This finding suggests that hypoxia-induced AngII expression may possibly be activated by several different pathways and that the ERK pathway is one of these signalling pathways.
Taken together, SPINK1 appears to play an important role in both cell survival and prevention of apoptosis by several different pathways in normal tissues.
Moreover, under stress conditions, TG2 expression can be regulated by the activation of several different pathways as well as by transcription factors, such as HIF-1 or NFκB (Jang et al. 2010a; Mehta et al. 2010), or epigenetic mechanisms (Park et al. 2010b; Dyer et al. 2011).
Analyses of physiological responses and gene expression profiles in rice showed that the genes significantly induced or repressed by BPH infestation were involved in several different pathways, including cellular transport, signal transduction, metabolism, macromolecular degradation, and plant defenses [ 9, 11, 12].
In this way, approximately 30% of all human genes are regulated by miRNAs [ 7, 8], thereby influencing several different pathways and processes in the cell, including development, differentiation, apoptosis, and cell proliferation [ 9- 11].
We evaluated the performance of urinary TIMP-2 in an adult mixed ICU by comparison with other biomarkers that reflect several different pathways of AKI.
However, the involvement of 1O2 in O3-induced cell death might not involve the same pathway as that induced by anion channels, thus reinforcing the idea that several different pathways leading to cell death are triggered in response to O3.
