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These factors can be divided into two groups: those only expressed by adipocytes (adiponectin, leptin) [28] and those thought to be expressed by several different cells in adipose tissue (TNFα, IL1β, MMP9, IL6, CCL2) [28] The mRNA levels of leptin and adiponectin in adipose tissue were found to be unchanged between the TRAP+ mice and WT littermates (Figure 6A).
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Endothelin-1 is a protein that constricts blood vessels and increase blood pressure, and it is produced by several different cell types including keratinocytes.
Although the coordinated expression of several genes by several different cell types is required to define a functional stem cell niche, the regulation of this coordinated expression is not well understood.
Chemokine receptors are a family of GPCRs that transduce signals from chemokines, leukocyte chemoattractant peptides secreted by several different cell types both constitutively and in response to inflammatory stimuli [4], [5].
However, it is worth mentioning that cytotoxicity can be mediated by several different cell death mechanisms.
HSP-induction is caused by several different cell-level stressors [ 21].
The immunosuppressive mechanism of IDO is shared by several different cell types in the immune system [ 30, 32- 36].
29, 53– 55 However, adipose tissue has a complex structure (populated by several different cell types) and function (regulation of fat metabolism and its own glucocorticoid metabolism).
IL-22 is an IL-10 family cytokine member produced by several different cell types, including T helper (Th 17 cells, natural killer (NK) cells, γδT cells, Th22 cells and lymphoid tissue inducer-like cells (LTi) [ 11, 12].
This direct regulation of TIMP-1 levels by cAMP has been demonstrated in several different cells and tissue types [16], [17], [18], [19] and may be the principal mechanism of TIMP-1 induction by VILIP-1 overexpression in the transgenic mouse skin.
Dividing the reservoir into several different cells.
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