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For instance, a claim that one variable has no causal effect on another variable is a strong assumption encoded by setting the coefficient to zero.
A simpler model is obtained by setting the coefficient of log(Days) equal to 1 and fitting a linear model to log(Orangs1/Days1), the logarithm of the daily abundance.
In this analysis, differences in genotype frequency among populations were measured by GST [ 73, 74] Selection coefficients of the inoculated isolates within each host treatment were estimated simultaneously by setting the coefficient of the most-fit isolate (the isolate with the greatest increase in frequency over the considered time period) to zero as described previously [ 32].
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For the assumed superposition modulation (7), this can be easily achieved by setting the coefficients as (L_{A,n}^{s}=2^{n}) and (L_{B,n}^{s}=operatorname {j}cdot 2^{n}).
Equal rate for all lengths is obtained by setting the coefficients of the linear terms and quadratic terms to zero in both equations.
Some penalized methods automatically select relevant variables by setting the estimated coefficients of irrelevant variables as exactly zero.
Therefore, to adjust for population stratification we used PLINK to estimate the coefficients of genetic relationship based on autosomal marker genotypes in each HapMap population independently and then merged all four population genetic relationship matrices by setting the relationship coefficients between individuals from different populations to be zero.
The governing equilibrium equations can be derived from Eq. 26, by integrating the displacement gradients by parts and setting the coefficients of δu 0, δv 0, δw 0, and δθ x,y to zero (Ferreira and Roque 2007, 2009).
(4), (6) and (7) into Hamilton's principle ∫ 0 L (δT − δV s + δV e )dt = 0, integrating by parts and setting the coefficients of δW, δU and δψ to zero leads to the differential equations of motion as δ U : ∂ N x ∂ x = 0 Open image in new window (10-a) δ W : ∂ 2 M x ∂ x 2 = m ∂ 2 W ∂ t 2 − ∂ ∂ x N x ∂ W ∂ x − ∂ ∂ x N x ∂ Z ∂ x − ∂ Q x ∂ x + f e Open image in new window (10-b).
*Application of overview estimates is performed by setting the model-derived therapy coefficient to zero.
In the present work, solid solution thermodynamics is applied to predict chemical wear of Si3N4 by setting the influence of interaction coefficients of the alloy elements in the Henrian activity of Si and N in austenite.
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