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These hybrid solutions are especially attractive for footbridge structures whose design is often governed by serviceability requirements.
The design of concrete members reinforced with fiber-reinforced-polymer (FRP) bars is typically governed by serviceability state rather than ultimate state.
The low modulus of elasticity of FRP bars can yield to large crack widths and deflections and, as a result, the design of FRP RC elements is often governed by serviceability limit state criterion.
Since the design of GFRP reinforced concrete members is often controlled by serviceability limit state criteria (i.e. deflection or crack width control), an accurate knowledge of the GFRP-concrete bond behavior is needed to formulate sound design equations.
Because of the light-weight and long-span of the floors, the design of these floors are normally governed by serviceability criteria such as deflection, vibration, acoustic, etc and design for strength limits are generally not an issue.
In fact, even if wide beams show lower local ductility than deep beams, generally WBF provide at least similar global seismic capacities than DBF, especially in frames whose design is ruled by serviceability limit state (i.e., damage limitation).
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The design of the reinforcement of columns of integral structures is generally conditioned by the serviceability limit state (S.L.S ., and in particular by the control of cracking.
The design of RECC members may be controlled by the serviceability limit rather than strength.
The design of concrete beams reinforced with fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) bars is often governed by the serviceability limit state, in which deflections play an important role.
However in the design of beams the performance of the structural elements is often limited by the serviceability requirements, which are related to the serviceability limit state (SLS) using different load combinations than applied in the ultimate limit state.
The design of slender floor structures, with steel or composite cross sections, is often limited by the serviceability criteria such as deflection limits and vibration behavior, rather than the strength criteria.
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