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These SET systems operate in the incoherent transport regime, and the electron transport is described by sequential tunneling of single electrons and a sequential transport mechanism, such as Coulomb blockade, rather than coherent, ballistic tunneling.

The improved electron transport characteristics were determined for Tyrian purple SET system, operating in the incoherent transport regime and describing by sequential tunneling of single electrons and sequential transport mechanism, such as Coulomb blockade, rather than coherent, ballistic tunneling.

The asymmetric hydrogenated graphene quantum dot array could be treated as the sequential tunneling of charges through the two-dimensional (2D) array of single-layer graphene quantum dots[41].

To determine nonlinear I-V characteristics, the model was implemented to include a sequential tunneling mechanism of charge transfer by means of a stochastic selection of low resistive links ruled by the voltage-dependent probability[14, 15]: P i, j = exp − 2 l i, j ℏ 2 m ( Φ − e V i, j ), (3).

Nevertheless, the application of reverse biases induces a release of the trapped carriers assisted by a sequential tunneling mechanism.

Therefore, it is the reduced height of barriers instead of the indirect influence of the sequential tunneling peak that accounts for the largely enhanced cotunneling conductance.

Both these features are consequences of the sequential tunneling mechanism[14 16] that replaces the single tunneling mechanisms of the metal-insulator-metal model previously used[8, 9]. Figure 4 Current voltage characteristics within an AFM technique on a monolayer of bacteriorhodopsin.

Around 15.0 mV are seen sequential tunneling peaks where the energy of the incident electron combined with that of two confined ones happens to be aligned with the ground state level of three interacting particles localized inside the dot.

Since cotunneling current is generally several orders of magnitude smaller than the sequential tunneling, we have to set the precision for the iterative solver to be 10-6 tobtainin reliable result.

However, transport of photocarriers is strongly affected by the inelastic interactions, and is the closest to the sequential tunneling regime.

In the Coulomb blockade regime where the sequential tunneling transport is greatly sup-pressed, electron conduction is dominated by cotunneling processes [3 5].