Sentence examples for by selection in a from inspiring English sources

It was therefore surprising to discover that there is still allelic variation at this locus (e.g. that it has not been fixed by selection) in a breed such as the French Trotter that has been selected for more than a century on racing performances.

For criterion 3, our appraisal of local adaptation was dependent on evidence that discreteness among potential DUs in a putatively adaptive trait is genetically controlled and influenced by selection in a particular environment.

Therefore, changes on GroEL functions from one bacterial group to another should be reflected in strong coevolutionary signatures between linked amino acids whose evolvability is co-regulated by selection in a particular bacterial clade.

It is also possible that the traits mediating social interactions are shaped primarily by selection in a non-social context, which incidentally gives rise to variation in social fitness, but only as a neutral byproduct.

Finally, to test for the presence of a cost of complexity, we evolved networks to very high levels of complexity by selection in a very demanding environment (OLP = 8) and then switched them to a lower OLP (equal to 4).

All of these compounds were identified and verified as altered by selection in a parallel study using 1D and 2D H NMR, and the direction of alteration was confirmed in 78% of cases (all but AMP and taurine, which were higher in susceptible flies in the parallel study: Williams et al., unpublished results).

However, once a weak antimutator allele has arisen to sufficiently high frequency, here denoted as p*, it can be promoted by selection in an effectively deterministic fashion.

We incubated lentiviral particles with the MPNST cells (MOI ∼ 10) in the presence of polybrene (8 µg/ml; Sigma) for 24 h followed by selection in puromycin at a concentration (2 ug/ml) that killed uninfected cells within 3 days.

The fact that simple sequence repeat arrays are shorter in the chicken than in the human implies that mutational events increasing array length have been eliminated by selection in the chicken to a greater extent than in human.

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We found that the mutations in the 2012 Texas isolates were largely driven by genetic drift and viral population structure molded by purifying selection in a manner similar to previous years.