All forward simulations started by sampling a random number from a normal distribution with parameters estimated from a posterior distribution of root states obtained with the fitContinuousMCMC function in geiger [ 36].
We produced hypothetical landscapes by sampling sets of 1000 random numbers from an exponential distribution with mean ages E[t] = 3, 5, 10, 20, and 50 years.
We produced hypothetical landscapes by sampling sets of 1000 random numbers from an exponential distribution with mean ages E[ t] = 3, 5, 10, 20, and 50 years.
The sample was randomized by generating random numbers using Research Randomizer software (http://www.randomizer.org/) [11] making sure that the same method was not done on the same lamb twice.
Execution times are determined by first sampling a random number x between 0 and 1, and then calculating the time as −(1/ rate)*ln(x), where rate gives the appropriate first- or pseudo-first order rate constant.
These patients were sampled from all inpatient deaths The random sampling was performed by giving random numbers to eligible patients (with Excel) and to include number 1 100 of the deceased patients and number 1 100 of the alive patients.
Up until that point, the box had contained a sample of random numbers.
Sample selection was by random numbers applied to class lists, seeking five males and females from each year level in each school.
In order to realize Lévy walks pattern, one can surely use generated random numbers by sampling an approximation of Lévy stable distribution [16].
At each participating practice, the researcher and GP identified cases for inclusion in the study by random number sampling from a numbered list of patients attending that practice for methadone treatment (in Ireland, GPs are not allowed to issue a prescription for methadone for any more than two weeks and are remunerated on a 'per consultation' basis).
