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Considering the intense breeding of European dogs during the last few 100 years, giving severe breed-specific bottlenecks (Clutton-Brock, 1995), special care was taken to avoid sampling bias by sampling a single individual per breed, from different morphological types and from across Europe.
First, the research design removed spatial variation by sampling a single tree.
This presents a challenge when attempting to capture genetic predictors of tumor behavior by sampling a single site.
It is possible that there is heterogeneity in the population structure of Salmonellae within an individual, which could be underappreciated by sampling a single colony from each primary culture.
For the European dog population, with its special history of intense breeding often involving severe, breed specific, genetic bottlenecks (Clutton-Brock, 1995), sampling bias was avoided by sampling a single individual per breed, among different morphological types and across most parts of Europe.
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In particular, we discount the possibility that the two-fold coverage genome of rabbit might, by chance, have sampled a single locus to generate a total of 38 sequence-distinct Abpa sequences.
Because branches of zero length produce infinite dispersal distance estimates (Phylomapper manual), the number of identical haplotypes was first reduced by sampling only a single individual from each site or cluster of sites.
Therefore, we could minimise the selection bias often created by sampling from a single institution.
By sampling in a single geographic region, we avoided issues of spatial variation being confounded with temporal variation but instead must deal with the issue that our population may not reflect species wide diversity.
The second type of structure is the time sequence phase weighting (TSPW) antenna array [18, 19], in which the combined phase weighted array signals are sequentially sampled by a single RF-receiving channel.
This suggests that the library diversity is greater than that sampled by a single sequencing run.
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