By the 21st century the direct dating of plant remains had become the normal practice in serious studies of the origins of agriculture, replacing the indirect methods used in the past.
This reduction is done by replacing the surface displacement with ({u^{C}_{i}}-{u^{I}_{i}}) or replacing the surface traction with ({T^{C}_{i}}-{T^{I}_{i}}), respectively, which has already been shown by Altiero and Gavazza (1980) as the indirect boundary-integral methods.
The 1990s imaging protocol was only modified by replacing MCUGs with indirect radionuclide mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3) cystography for children aged over 3.5 years.
The heterogeneous one electron oxidation of the bipyrane and the following cleavage of a single bond is replaced with the indirect anodic oxidation by means of the reversible hydrocarbon redox system at more positive potentials.
Another typical application, that may get some benefits, is MIS (Minimally Invasive Surgery) where the disorientation is caused by a mismatch between the line of sight of the surgeon and that of the camera controlled by an assistant; hence the direct view of the instrument is replaced by an indirect view with the results that the mapping between action and perception is dramatically changed.
We recorded the time of ascent and descent of the sentinel, its identity, the way by which it took up its perch, whether there was another sentinel at the time, whether it was replaced, the identities of the replacer and the replaced, type of replacement (direct or indirect or with allofeeding, acceptance or rejection of the food).
The SCR network is a version of AM where the two direct feedbacks of x onto itself are replaced by indirect feedbacks trough s and r.
Polarization curves and chronoamperometric measurements indicated that, in the presence of chlorides, the anodic oxidation of OA is partially replaced by an indirect oxidation process.
Direct effects, such as predation on eggs and nestlings have synergized with the indirect effects of native vegetation being almost completely replaced by exotics.
Given the indirect and direct displacement of Americans by foreign workers, this amounts to replacing stronger people with weaker ones in science, technology, engineering and mathematics — the STEM fields.
